Single-body unit for pulse oximeter calibration

ABSTRACT

An all-solid, single-body unit for calibrating a pulse oximeter that uses probe light beams is provided. A bulk of the unit is substantially composed of a mixture of materials comprising one or more polymer materials that form a flexible solid medium for the bulk of the unit, one or more scattering materials for scattering the probe light beams, and one or more dye materials for attenuating the probe light beams. The flexible solid medium enables a pulsatile rhythmic train of action force received by the unit to be transmitted in the unit during calibrating the pulse oximeter for substantially emulating change of absorbance characteristics of the probe light beams due to pulsing arterial blood. The scattering materials and the dye materials are localized in the flexible solid medium, enabling the unit to be used in calibrating the pulse oximeter without a need for an additional device for further emulation.

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FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to a device configured to beused in calibrating a pulse oximeter. In particular, the presentinvention relates to this device realized as a single-body unit.

BACKGROUND

A pulse oximeter is a sensing device for non-invasive measurement of aperson's arterial-blood oxygen saturation level. The measurement is doneby measuring absorbances of light beams having pre-determinedwavelengths after the light beams travel through or are reflected by apre-determined part of the person's body. Hereinafter, a light beamdirected to the pre-determined part of the body for absorbancemeasurement is referred to as a probe light beam. For a transmissiveoximeter, the probe light beams are usually directed to one side of athin section of the body such as a finger, a palm or an earlobe, andlight sensors are used to measure intensities of the light beams thatexit this thin section from the opposite side. For a reflectiveoximeter, the probe light beams may be directed to the skin of a foot,forehead or chest, and photosensors are used to detect the reflectedlight beams. Typically, two pre-determined wavelengths of 660 nm and 940nm are used for the probe light beams of the pulse oximeter. The probelight beam having a wavelength of 660 nm is visible and is red lightwhile it is infrared (IR) light for the light beam of 940 nm inwavelength. For background details on a pulse oximeter and itsoperational principle, refer to J. S. GRAVENSTEIN, Gas monitoring andpulse oximetry, Butterworth-Heinemann Limited, 1990, the disclosure ofwhich is incorporated by reference herein.

It is sometimes required to calibrate a pulse oximeter, for example, tocheck its accuracy before doing measurement for a person or a patient. Acalibrator for calibrating the pulse oximeter is used. One requirementof the calibrator is to emulate absorbance characteristics of the probelight beams propagated in the pre-determined part of human body byreplicating absorption behavior of each of the probe light beams whenthe probe light beams encounters human tissues, blood, bones, etc. inthe aforementioned part of body. Another requirement is to emulatechange of absorbance caused by pulsing arterial blood and experienced byeach of the probe light beams when the probe light beams propagate inthe pre-determined part of body.

In U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,517, a manually operable calibrator for checkingthe accuracy of a pulse oximeter has a layered structure, where thepulse oximeter that can be calibrated by this calibrator is atransmissive oximeter. The calibrator comprises a specially preparedliquid and a resiliently flexible displaceable member adjacent to theliquid. The liquid is prepared for emulating absorption behavior ofprobe light beams traveled in the pre-determined body part. By manuallypumping the liquid into and out of the displaceable member in a rhythmicmanner, absorbance change due to pulsing arterial blood is emulated. Onedisadvantage of the calibrator is that its layered structure increasesmanufacturing costs but lowers the calibrator reliability due toinvolvement of a plurality of components. Another disadvantage is thatliquid is involved, increasing difficulty in handling and in storage.Liquid media are also used in other calibrators, such as the onedisclosed in China Patent Application Publication No. 1,864,629.

China Patent Application Publication No. 1,836,632, addressing an issuethat existing calibrators in the market easily lead to the over-drivenproblem during calibration, discloses a light scattering medium in anattempt to solve this problem. The light scattering medium is made ofepoxy resin and is incorporated with a selected, preferred volumepercentage of scattering materials. When this light scattering medium isused in an oximeter calibrator, the resultant calibrator will have alayered structure with a number of components. The involvement of anumber of components increases manufacturing costs and reduces thecalibrator reliability.

There is a need in the art for a calibrator having a simple structurerealized by minimal components without involving any liquid medium. Itis desirable if the calibrator can be used for calibrating bothtransmissive oximeters and reflective oximeters.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a single-body unit configured for use incalibrating a pulse oximeter that uses probe light beams havingpre-determined wavelengths. The pulse oximeter may be a transmissiveoximeter or a reflective oximeter. A bulk of the single-body unit issubstantially composed of a mixture of materials. The mixture ofmaterials comprises one or more polymer materials that form a flexiblesolid medium for the bulk of the single-body unit, one or morescattering materials for scattering the probe light beams, and one ormore dye materials for attenuating the probe light beams. The flexiblesolid medium is configured to enable a pulsatile rhythmic train ofaction force received by the single-body unit to be transmitted in theunit during calibrating the pulse oximeter. The one or more scatteringmaterials and the one or more dye materials are used for substantiallyemulating scattering behavior and absorption behavior, respectively, ofthe probe light beams when propagated in a pre-determined part of humanbody. In addition, the one or more scattering materials and the one ormore dye materials are localized in the flexible solid medium. Thereby,the single-body unit is usable in calibrating the pulse oximeter withouta need for an additional device to further emulate either scatteringbehavior or absorption behavior of any of the probe light beamspropagated in the pre-determined part of human body, as well as withouta need to involve any liquid medium.

Advantageously, the one or more polymer materials, the one or morescattering materials and the one or more dye materials aresubstantially-uniformly dispersed at least in a functional region of theflexible solid medium where the functional region is configured forinteracting with the probe light beams. It follows that an absorbancecharacteristic of each of the probe light beams when the probe lightbeams propagate in the functional region is predictable or obtainable.Preferably, the one or more polymer materials, the one or morescattering materials and the one or more dye materials aresubstantially-uniformly dispersed in the entire bulk of the single-bodyunit. In addition, the one or more polymer materials are formulated toconfigure the flexible solid medium such that the flexible solid mediumtranslates the pulsatile rhythmic train of action force into a rhythmic,temporally-coherent variation of the probe light beams' absorbancecharacteristics. Thereby, it substantially emulates change of absorbancecaused by pulsing arterial blood and experienced by each of the probelight beams propagated in the pre-determined part of human body.

In one option, the flexible solid medium is configured to distribute thepulsatile rhythmic train of action force substantially-evenly throughoutthe single-body unit during calibrating the pulse oximeter. In anotheroption, the flexible solid medium has a hardness level selected suchthat the pulsatile rhythmic train of action force generated by anystimulation according to a pre-determined set of stimulation conditionsis transmittable throughout the single-body unit.

Other aspects of the present invention are disclosed as illustrated bythe embodiments hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 provides a table listing the materials, preferred ranges ofweight percentage and examples of these materials as used in forming asingle-body unit in accordance with an embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 depicts a single-body unit in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention, together with an illustration of absorption andscattering of probe light beams inside the unit and an application of apulsatile rhythmic train of action force to the single-body unit, wherea pulse oximeter under calibration is a transmissive oximeter.

FIG. 3 also depicts the single-body unit of FIG. 2, but the pulseoximeter under calibration is a reflective oximeter.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As used herein, “absorption” of light traveling in a medium includes theconcept of partial absorption of the light during traveling in themedium. That is, “absorption” of the light includes not only the casethat the light is totally absorbed in the medium, but also a wider rangeof cases where the light is partially absorbed after passing through themedium. Whether partial or total absorption occurs depends on the lightradiation absorption characteristic of the medium.

An aspect of the present invention is to provide an all-solid,single-body unit configured to be used in calibrating a pulse oximeterthat uses probe light beams having pre-determined wavelengths. In manypractical applications, the single-body unit is configured for only twopre-determined wavelengths, one of which is a red light having awavelength in a range from 600 nm to 780 nm and another one of which isan IR light with a wavelength inclusively within 780 nm to 1100 nm.Usually, the two wavelengths are selected to be 660 nm and 940 nm, bothof which are often adopted by pulse oximeters.

As used herein in the specification and the appended claims, “a flexiblesolid medium” is a non-rigid solid matter mechanically configured suchthat a rhythmic train of pulsatile force applied to one end or one sideof the solid matter is able to propagate throughout the solid matter byminute deformation to local parts of the solid matter duringpropagation. Nevertheless, it is possible that the force is attenuatedduring the course of propagation by partial absorption of the force atthe local parts.

Herein in the specification and in the appended claims, a “bulk” of thesingle-body unit refers to a main part of the unit where the main partof the body forms a self-contained part functionally configured forpulse-oximeter calibration. It follows that, for example, if thesingle-body unit has a protective layer thereon only for mechanicallyprotecting the unit, then the protective layer is excluded from the bulkof the single-body unit.

A bulk of the single-body unit is substantially composed of a mixture ofmaterials comprising one or more polymer materials, one or morescattering materials, and one or more dye materials. The one or morepolymer materials form a flexible solid medium for the bulk of thesingle-body unit. The one or more scattering materials are used forscattering the probe light beams in order to substantially emulatescattering behavior of the probe light beams when propagated in apre-determined part of human body. As an example, the single-body unitmay be configured for the pre-determined body part that is a finger.Other examples of the pre-determined body part include a palm, anearlobe, a foot, and other parts of the body such as chest and forehead.In general, each of the scattering materials can be an inorganic,organic or organometallic compound with any suitable crystal form,particle size and refractive index. The one or more dye materials areused for attenuating the probe light beams so as to substantiallyemulate absorption behavior of the probe light beams when the probelight beams propagate in the pre-determined part of human body. If morethan one dye materials are used, different dye materials are usuallyselected with mutually substantially-different light radiationabsorption characteristics in order to simplify formulating the dyematerials for sufficiently emulating the aforementioned absorptionbehavior. FIG. 1 provides a table listing examples of the materials usedin forming the single-body unit, and preferred ranges of weightpercentage of the materials (Table 1). Since the pulse oximeter is tomeasure the saturation of peripheral oxygen (SpO₂) level of a person,the single-body unit is intended to provide emulation for a particularSpO₂ level. A wide range of SpO₂ levels ranging from 0% to 100% can beobtained by fine tuning (1) concentrations of the one or more scatteringmaterials and of the one or more dye materials, and (2) correspondingratios of the dye materials if a plurality of dye materials is used.

Furthermore, the flexible solid medium is configured to transmit apulsatile rhythmic train of action force throughout the single-body unitwhen the unit receives this train of action force during calibrating thepulse oximeter. In one option, the flexible solid medium is furtherconfigured to distribute this train of action force substantially-evenlythroughout the single-body unit. In another option, the flexible solidmedium is additionally configured to have a hardness level selected suchthat the pulsatile rhythmic train of action force generated by anystimulation according to a pre-determined set of stimulation conditionsis transmittable throughout the single-body unit. The pulsatile rhythmictrain of force, when applied to the single-body unit, synchronouslyproduces a pulsatile rhythmic resilience to the unit in order tosubstantially emulate change of absorbance caused by pulsing arterialblood for each of the probe light beams propagating in thepre-determined part of human body.

In particular, the single-body unit as disclosed herein is featured bylocalizing both the one or more scattering materials and the one or moredye materials in the flexible solid medium. As used herein, a materialbeing localized in the flexible solid medium means that the material issubstantially fixed and substantially immobilized in the flexible solidmedium. It follows that it is not required to have an additional deviceto further emulate either scattering behavior or absorption behavior ofany of the probe light beams when propagated in the pre-determined partof human body. Hence, calibration of the pulse oximeter can be done byusing the single-body unit without a need for the aforementionedadditional device. Another advantage of localizing the one or morescattering materials and the one or more dye materials in the flexiblesolid medium is that no liquid medium is involved.

Forming the flexible solid medium from the one or more polymer materialswith an objective of localizing the one or more scattering materials andthe one or more dye materials in the flexible solid medium can beperformed by a suitable chemical-processing method. For selecting thesuitable chemical-processing method, see MEYR KUTZ (ed.), AppliedPlastics Engineering Handbook: Processing and Materials, Elsevier, 2011,the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

Preferably, the single-body unit is configured to be used in calibratingthe pulse oximeter that is a transmissive oximeter or a reflectiveoximeter. To achieve this purpose, the unit is configured to transmitand reflect the probe light beams. After the probe light beams aretransmitted and reflected in the unit, part of the probe light beamsexit the unit in a forward direction, and another part of the probelight beams exit the unit in a backward direction. As used herein, theforward direction and the backward direction are relative to an entrydirection of the probe light beams upon entering into the unit and, inparticular, if a forward (backward) direction is regarded as a unitvector, the projection of the unit vector in the entry direction has apositive (negative) scalar component. Note that exiting probe lightbeams traveling in a forward (backward) direction may be received andusable by a transmissive (reflective) oximeter.

FIG. 2 depicts a single-body unit in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present invention. Although a single-body unit 200 shown in FIG. 2has a shape of a rectangular cuboid, the present invention is notlimited to this shape only. Other shapes that can be advantageously usedfor practical applications of oximeter calibration, such as acylindrical shape for emulating a human finger, or a sheet shape withaverage thickness in a range from 1 mm to 20 mm for fitting with somemechanical design, may be employed.

A bulk 210 of the single-body unit 200 is a flexible solid medium formedby one or more polymer materials. In the bulk 210 of the single-bodyunit 200, there is a functional region 215 configured for interactingwith probe light beams 250. The rest of the bulk 210 other than thefunctional region 215 serves for other purposes, such as allowing a userto handle the single-body unit 200. At least the functional region 215,which is also in the flexible solid medium, is dispersed with one ormore scattering materials and one or more dye materials.

The single-body unit 200 receives the probe light beams 250 from a pulseoximeter for calibration. The probe light beams 250 enter the unit 200via a first end face 202 thereof. Some light of the probe light beams250 is scattered by the one or more scattering materials in thefunctional region 215, as indicated by scattered light 252. Theremaining light of the probe light beams 250 is attenuated, or partiallyabsorbed, by the one or more dye materials, as indicated bydiminishing-intensity light 255. The remaining light may also beattenuated by the one or more polymer materials, depending onlight-absorption properties thereof. After attenuation and scattering,exiting probe light beams 260 leave the single-body unit 200 through asecond end face 204. As mentioned above, a pulsatile rhythmic train ofaction force 220 is applied to the single-body unit 200 duringcalibration of the pulse oximeter. This train of action force 220 can beapplied to any end face (e.g. the first end face 202, the second endface 204, or one of lateral end faces 206, 208) of the unit 200. In FIG.2, the train of action force 220 is applied to the first end face 202 asan example. FIG. 2 also shows an example 225 of this train of actionforce 220.

Although not shown in FIG. 2 for simplicity, preferably the unit 200 isconfigured to guide the train of action force 220 such that this trainof action force 220 is applied to the unit 200 with an action-forcedirection pointing to the functional region 215, where theaforementioned action-force direction is a direction that the pulsatilerhythmic train of action force 220 is applied to the single-body unit200. A configuration for guiding the train of action force 220 to pointto the functional region 215 may be, for example, a mark painted on theunit 200 for indicating a location on which the train of action force220 is applied.

It is also preferable that the unit 200 is further configured to guidethe pulsatile rhythmic train of action force 220 to apply to the unitwith the action-force direction substantially parallel to a propagationdirection of the probe light beams 250 emitted by the pulse oximeter. Asused herein, “a propagation direction of probe light beams emitted by apulse oximeter” is a representative direction that the probe light beamscollectively propagate. Even if all the probe light beams do notpropagate in the same direction and produce a cone of light beams, therepresentative propagation direction can be determined, e.g., byidentifying a direction along which luminance of a light beam from thecone of light beams is maximum over the cone.

In FIG. 2, the first end face 202 and the second end face 204 areopposite to each other so that the pulse oximeter under calibration is atransmissive one. The single-body unit 200 is also applicable to areflective oximeter. FIG. 3 depicts the situation where the single-bodyunit 200 is used for calibrating a reflective oximeter. Probe lightbeams 350 of the reflective oximeter enter into the unit 200 through thefirst end face 202. The probe light beams 350 are scattered, asindicated by scattered light 352, and also attenuated, as indicated bydiminishing-intensity light 355. The probe light beams 350 also undergomultiple scattering, as indicated by a zig-zag light path 357. Somelight of the probe light beams 350 after multiple scattering isreflected substantially backward, and leaves the unit 200 via the firstend face 202 so that the reflective oximeter receives exiting probelight beams 360 by the same side of the oximeter where the probe lightbeams 350 are emitted. Similarly, the pulsatile rhythmic train of actionforce 220 is applied to the single-body unit 200 (on the second end face204) during calibration of the reflective oximeter.

It is advantageous and highly preferable that the one or more polymermaterials, the one or more scattering materials and the one or more dyematerials are substantially-uniformly dispersed at least in thefunctional region 215. By this arrangement of substantially uniformdispersion, an absorbance characteristic of each of the probe lightbeams 250 propagated in the functional region 215 is predictable orobtainable. Optionally, the one or more polymer materials, the one ormore scattering materials and the one or more dye materials aresubstantially-uniformly dispersed in the entire bulk 210 of thesingle-body unit 200. It is also advantageous and desirable to configurethe flexible solid medium such that the flexible solid medium translatesthe pulsatile rhythmic train of action force 220 into a rhythmic,temporally-coherent variation of absorbance characteristics of all theprobe light beams 250. The absorbance-characteristic variation among allprobe light beams being temporally-coherent means that anabsorbance-characteristic variation of one probe light beam over time istime-synchronized with that of another probe light beam. Thistemporally-coherent variation is achievable in that the one or morescattering materials and the one or more dye materials are localized inthe flexible solid medium so that a minute deformation to the flexiblesolid medium by the pulsatile rhythmic train of action force 220 changeslocal concentrations of the one or more scattering materials and of theone or more dye materials synchronously and coherently. Thereby, changeof absorbance caused by pulsing arterial blood and experienced by eachof the probe light beams 250 when the probe light beams 250 propagate ina pre-determined part of human body is substantially emulated.

The pulsatile rhythmic train of action force 220 may be generated by anactuator 230. A pulse-oximeter calibrator is realizable by including thesingle-body unit 200 and the actuator 230. In one embodiment, theactuator 230 generates and applies this train of action force 220 in asubstantially vertical direction 284 to the single-body unit 200 on thefirst end face 202 or the second end face 204 to thereby produce therhythmic, temporally-coherent variation of the absorbancecharacteristics of all the probe light beams 250.

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms withoutdeparting from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. Thepresent embodiment is therefore to be considered in all respects asillustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention isindicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoingdescription, and all changes that come within the meaning and range ofequivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced therein.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a single-body unitconfigured to calibrate a pulse oximeter that uses probe light beamshaving pre-determined wavelengths to measure the saturation ofperipheral oxygen (SpO₂) level of a pre-determined human body part,wherein the single-body unit is formed from a mixture of materials, themixture of materials comprising: one or more polymer materials that forma flexible solid medium configured to transmit a pulsatile rhythmictrain of action force received by the single-body unit duringcalibration of the pulse oximeter; one or more scattering materials toscatter the probe light beams, wherein the scattering of the probe lightbeams by the one or more scattering materials during the calibration ofthe use oximeter emulates scattering behavior of the probe light beamswhen propagated in the pre-determined human body part; and one or moredye materials to attenuate the probe light beams, wherein theattenuation of the probe light beams by the one or more dye materialsduring the calibration of the pulse oximeter emulates to absorptionbehavior of the probe light beams when propagated in the pre-determinedhuman body part, wherein the one or more polymer materials form a bulkof the single-body unit, wherein each of the one or more scatteringmaterials and each of the one or more dye materials aresubstantially-uniformly dispersed in the entire single-body unit, andwherein the one or more polymer materials, the one or more scatteringmaterials, and the one or more dye materials are selected such that themixture of materials forming the single-body unit emulates a particularSpO₂ level during the calibration of the pulse oximeter, the particularSpO₂ level corresponding to an expected SpO₂ level for thepre-determined human body part when measured using the pulse oximeter.2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more polymer materialsare formulated to configure the flexible solid medium such that theflexible solid medium translates the pulsatile rhythmic train of actionforce into a rhythmic, temporally-coherent variation of the probe lightbeams' absorbance characteristics to substantially emulate change ofabsorbance caused by pulsing arterial blood and experienced by each ofthe probe light beams when the probe light beams propagate in thepre-determined human body part.
 3. The apparatus of claim 2, furthercomprising: an actuator for generating and applying the pulsatilerhythmic train of action force to the single-body unit.
 4. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the single-body unit is further configured to guidethe pulsatile rhythmic train of action force to apply the pulsatilerhythmic train of action force to the single-body unit in anaction-force direction.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4, wherein theaction-force direction is substantially parallel to a propagationdirection of the probe light beams emitted by the pulse oximeter.
 6. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein the pre-determined human body part is afinger, a palm, an earlobe, a foot, a forehead or a chest.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1, wherein 70% to 99.998% of the mixture of materialscomprises the one or more polymer materials, wherein 0.001% to 20% ofthe mixture of materials comprises the one or more scattering materials,and wherein 0.001% to 10% of the mixture of materials comprises the oneor more dye materials.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one ormore polymer materials comprises rubber, polypropylene (PP),polyethylene (PE), silicone or a combination thereof.
 9. The apparatusof claim 1, wherein the one or more scattering materials comprises,nanoparticles, titanium dioxide (TiO₂), zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminiumoxide (Al₂O₃), silica, epoxy particles, microspheres or a combinationthereof.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more dyematerials comprise a plurality of different dye materials, and lightradiation absorption characteristics of the different dye materials aremutually substantially-different.
 11. The apparatus of claim 1, whereinone of the pre-determined wavelengths is in a range from 600 nm to 780nm and another one of the pre-determined wavelengths is in a range from780 nm to 1100 nm.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: anactuator for generating and applying the pulsatile rhythmic train ofaction force to the single-body unit.
 13. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the flexible solid medium has a hardness level selected suchthat the pulsatile rhythmic train of action force generated by anystimulation according to a pre-determined set of stimulation conditionsis transmittable throughout the single-body unit.
 14. The apparatus ofclaim 1, wherein the single-body unit is configured to be used incalibrating the pulse oximeter that is a transmissive oximeter or areflective oximeter.
 15. The apparatus of claim 14, further comprising:an actuator for generating and applying the pulsatile rhythmic train ofaction force to the single-body unit.
 16. The apparatus of claim 1,wherein the single-body unit is configured to transmit and reflect theprobe light beams.
 17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein thesingle-body unit is configured such that, after the probe light beamsare transmitted and reflected in the single-body unit, part of the probelight beams exit the single-body unit in a forward direction relative toan entry direction of the probe light beams upon entering into thesingle-body unit, and another part of the probe light beams exit thesingle-body unit in a backward direction relative to the entrydirection.
 18. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an actuatorfor generating and applying the pulsatile rhythmic train of action forceto the single-body unit.
 19. A method for manufacturing an apparatusconfigured to calibrate a pulse oximeter, the method comprising:selecting a plurality of materials for forming a single-body unitconfigured to calibrate a pulse oximeter that uses probe light beamshaving pre-determined wavelengths to measure the saturation ofperipheral oxygen (SpO₂) level of a pre-determined human body part,wherein the plurality of materials comprises one or more polymermaterials, one or more scattering materials, and one or more dyematerials, wherein the one or more polymer materials, the one or morescattering materials, and the one or more dye materials are selected toconfigure the single-body unit to emulate a particular SpO₂ level duringthe calibration of the pulse oximeter, the particular SpO₂ levelcorresponding to an expected SpO₂ level for the pre-determined humanbody part when measured using the pulse oximeter; mixing the pluralityof materials to form a mixture of materials; and forming the single-bodyunit from the mixture of materials, wherein the one or more polymermaterials form a flexible solid medium and account for a bulk of thesingle-body unit, wherein the flexible solid medium is configured totransmit a pulsatile rhythmic train of action force received by thesingle-body unit during calibration of the pulse oximeter, wherein theone or more scattering materials are configured to scatter the probelight beams during calibration of the pulse oximeter to emulatescattering behavior of the probe light beams when propagated in thepre-determined human body part, wherein the one or more dye materialsare configured to attenuate the probe light beams during calibration ofthe pulse oximeter to emulate an absorption behavior of the probe lightbeams when propagated in the pre-determined human body part, and whereineach of the one or more scattering materials and each of the one or moredye materials are substantially-uniformly dispersed in the entire bulkof the single-body unit.